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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">¿Qué es una Ieshivá?</h1>
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<p>Una <i>ieshivá</i> es un lugar donde los judíos se reúnen para estudiar la Torá y las tradiciones rabínicas. Originalmente se refería a una academia para eruditos, pero hoy en día el término también se refiere a las escuelas elementales judías donde los estudios judaicos comprenden una parte importante del plan de estudios.</p>
</section><section><h2>Historia de la <i>ieshivá</i></h2>
<p>Según la tradición, la institución de la <i>ieshivá</i> es anterior incluso a la entrega de la Torá. <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36000">Shem</span> y <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36430">Eber</span> (hijo y bisnieto de Noé) dirigieron una <i>ieshivá</i>, en la que estudiaron <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32959">Abraham</span>,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a6696849');" name="footnoteRef1a6696849">1</a> <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34760">Isaac</span><a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a6696849');" name="footnoteRef2a6696849">2</a> y <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34752">Jacob</span>.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a6696849');" name="footnoteRef3a6696849">3</a> Por consiguiente, antes de que Jacob y su clan se trasladaran a Egipto, envió a Judá para que estableciera también allí una <i>ieshivá</i>.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a6696849');" name="footnoteRef4a6696849">4</a></p>
<p>Tras la entrega de la Torá, la ieshivá era el lugar donde la Torá y las tradiciones orales se transmitían de generación en generación. Durante la época del Segundo Templo, había grandes ieshivot dirigidas por los grandes sabios de la época. Las enseñanzas de estas academias quedaron recogidas en la Mishná, el <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32468">Midrash</span>, la Guemará y otros textos de la época.</p>
<p>Esto continuó incluso después del exilio del pueblo judío. Cuando la comunidad judía de Tierra Santa se truncó, las <i>ieshivot</i> de Babel (actuales Irán e Irak) adquirieron importancia como centros de erudición judía.</p>
<p>Durante el período de los <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31325">Rishonim</span> (aproximadamente 1000-1500 CE) fueron sustituidas por <i>ieshivot</i> en España (Sefarad) y Francia-Alemania (<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31640">Ashkenaz</span>).</p>
<p>En muchas comunidades, el rabino de la ciudad también dirigía una <i>ieshivá</i>. A menudo se trataba de asuntos <i>ad hoc</i>, en los que los alumnos estudiaban en un pequeño anexo de la casa del rabino o de la sinagoga local.</p>
</section><section><h2>El Movimiento <i>ieshivá</i></h2>
<p>A lo largo del siglo XIX, una nueva oleada de <i>ieshivot</i> abrió sus puertas en Europa Central y Oriental. Con personal oficial, planes de estudio y salas de estudio, infundieron al estudio de la Torá un propósito, dedicación y orgullo. Ejemplos notables son la <i>ieshivá</i> de Volozhin, un modelo que se reprodujo en toda Lituania, y la <i>ieshivá</i> de Pressburg, en lo que hoy es Bratislava, que dejó una huella indeleble en el judaísmo austrohúngaro.</p>
<p>En 1896, el rabino Shalom Dov Ber Schneersohn, el quinto Rebe de Jabad, abrió una <i>ieshivá</i> única en su estilo en la ciudad rusa de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31061">Lubavitch</span>, donde, además de las largas horas dedicadas al <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33656">Talmud</span> y a la ley judía, una parte importante del día —mañana y tarde— se dedicaba al estudio de las enseñanzas jasídicas. De esta <i>ieshivá</i> surgieron las numerosas <i>ieshivot</i> de Jabad que hoy se ven por todo el mundo (incluida la red clandestina de <i>ieshivot</i> de Jabad que operaba en la Unión Soviética) .</p>
</section><section><h2>Términos importantes de la <i>ieshivá</i></h2>
<p><b>Mesivta</b>: La palabra aramea para <i>ieshivá</i> es <i>metivta</i> (o <i>mesivta,</i> en la pronunciación ashkenazí). En muchos círculos, <i>mesivta</i> puede usarse como nombre propio parte del nombre de una <i>ieshivá</i> determinada, pero no se usa como término genérico para referirse a un lugar de estudio de la Torá. En la jerga de Jabad, <i>mesivta</i> se refiere a una <i>ieshivá ketaná</i> (“pequeña <i>ieshivá</i>”) para estudiantes de secundaria.</p>
<p><b><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="28297">Beit Midrash</span></b>: (<i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36171">beis</span> medresh,</i> en pronunciación ashquenazí) significa “casa de estudio”. A diferencia de la sinagoga, donde la actividad principal es rezar, el <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4407857/jewish/What-Is-a-Yeshiva.htm" title="What Is a Yeshiva?">beit midrash</a></i> se utiliza sobre todo para el estudio de la Torá, aunque también se reza en él. Además de referirse al espacio de estudio propiamente dicho, a menudo se refiere a una <i>ieshivá</i> para estudiantes mayores, posteriores a la escuela secundaria, también conocida como <i>ieshivá guedolá</i>.</p>
<p><b><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35098">Kolel</span></b>: Literalmente “colectivo”, un <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5786135/jewish/What-Is-a-Kollel.htm" title="What Is a Kollel?">kolel</a></i> es un programa de <i>ieshivá</i> para hombres casados, que a menudo reciben un pequeño estipendio para facilitar su dedicación al estudio de la Torá.</p>
</section><section><h2>¿Quién es quién en la <i>ieshivá</i>?</h2>
<p><b>Rosh ieshivá</b>: El <i>rosh ieshivá</i>, “jefe de la academia”, puede enseñar a todos los alumnos o sólo a los más eruditos.</p>
<p><b>Mashguíaj</b>: El “supervisor” es responsable del rendimiento y el bienestar de los alumnos de la <i>ieshivá</i>. En algunas <i>ieshivot</i>, el <i>mashguiaj</i> puede dirigirse regularmente a los alumnos.</p>
<p><b>Mashpía</b>: En el sistema de <i>ieshivot</i> de Jabad, muchas de las responsabilidades asociadas con el <i>mashguíaj</i> están en el dominio del <i>mashpía</i> (“dador”), que enseña a los estudiantes textos jasídicos y proporciona orientación en asuntos de avance espiritual y desarrollo personal.</p>
<p><b>Menahel</b>: El director puede ser responsable de la admisión de alumnos, la logística, las decisiones políticas y, en general, de que todo funcione bien.</p>
<p><b>Talmid</b>: En hebreo “alumno”, el <i>talmid</i> es la columna vertebral de la <i>ieshivá</i> y la razón de ser de su existencia. Puede dividirse a su vez en dos categorías:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Avrej</b>: En hebreo significa “compañero” y se refiere a un compañero de <i>kolel</i>.</li>
<li><b>Bojur</b>: También traducido como “joven” o “elegido”, se refiere específicamente a un estudiante soltero.</li>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a6696849" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a6696849" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a6696849">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Iomá 58b.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a6696849" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a6696849" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a6696849">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Targum de Jerusalén a Génesis 24:62.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a6696849" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a6696849" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a6696849">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Génesis Rabá 63:27.</p>
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<p>Génesis Rabá 95:3. Presumiblemente, aunque la Torá no había sido "dada", estudiaron el conocimiento y la instrucción Divinos tal como fueron comunicados a Adán, Noé y otros.</p>
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